Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ), is the sixth most populous country in the world, is home to the second most populous city in the world, and is the second most populous Muslim country. It was established as a modern state in 1947 as one of the two separated parts of the partitioned British India. The creation of this country has been a very unique experience in the history of the world - - this Region in particular.
Some 1300 years ago, Muhammad Bin Qasim was the first Muslim to enter the former United India. Muslims and Hindus lived and co-existed under various invading Rulers including the Mughals till 1857. Then the British ruled this part of the world till 1947. Having become ungovernable, the British began taking steps for the self-rule by the Indians – Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christian, and Parsees etc.....; the first two being the leading majorities. Despite all efforts, the cultural and others differences between them became unreconcilable. Allama Iqbal, the great Muslim thinker, philosopher and poet, the then President of Muslim League (a political party formed in 1906) declared in 1930 that the Muslims and Hindus could not live together and a separate homeland for Muslims was an inescapable necessity. Then there was no going back on this !
Thereafter, Muhammad Ali Jinnah the great charismic leader lead the struggle of the masses and declared on 23rd March 1940 that creation of PAKISTAN was an absolute MUST. The British and the Hindus under Mahatma Gandhi tried their best to dissuade Jinnah but in vain. So PAKISTAN became a reality on 14th August 1947 as a result of the partition of British India on the basis of contiguous ethnic majority Provinces/areas; resulting in the biggest migration of the population history -- with attending miseries and hardships for the migrants.
But alas ! Jinnah died on 11th September 1948, when Pakistan was only in its infancy. Due to rivalries and selfishness among political leaders, Pakistan was badly destabilized and remains so even today due to the bumps in the nation building on account of frequent military take-overs and political wranglings. But thank Almighty Allah that we did craft a Constitution in 1973 which has helped us remain together, but only after losing half of our country to shape the present Bangladesh (it used to be the eastern part of PAKISTAN) -- separated by a 1200 miles of hostile India in between.
The country has a British type of parliamentary democracy with a Prime Minister elected by a majority of the National Assembly of its 342 members elected for 5 years on the basis of population and adult franchise exercised by all eligible voters of 18 years old. We have an Upper House of a Senate with 100 members from the Provinces on the basis of provincial equality and parity -- for check and balance. The country is mandated to have a titular President indirectly elected by the Provincial and Federal Assemblies. The third branch is the Supreme Court of 17 Judges from all the Provinces. Inter-relationship between the Three Branches is well defined, but practically they have functioned somewhat not in unison – giving rise to periodic conflicts.
Despite all this, it is really creditable that we have survived inspite of the evil designs and machinations of the ill wishers of PAKISTAN. This has been all due to the resilience of its people, their faith is their destiny as enunciated by the Great Quaid Muhammad Ali Jinnah and of course, the blessings of Almighty Allah ! Also because it has the sixth largest Armed Forces in the world and it is the 7th declared Nuclear State.